{"id":5792,"date":"2025-03-20T11:49:12","date_gmt":"2025-03-20T03:49:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/?p=5792"},"modified":"2025-03-20T11:50:32","modified_gmt":"2025-03-20T03:50:32","slug":"%e6%b5%85%e8%b0%88%e7%a5%9e%e7%bb%8f%e7%bd%91%e7%bb%9c%e7%9a%84%e5%bd%92%e4%b8%80%e5%8c%96%ef%bc%88normalization%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/?p=5792","title":{"rendered":"\u6d45\u8c08\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Normalization\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Normalization\uff09<\/strong> \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u6fc0\u6d3b\u503c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f <strong>\u52a0\u901f\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u6539\u5584\u6cdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b<\/strong>\u3002\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u6700\u65e9\u662f\u5728\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u68af\u5ea6\u6d88\u5931\u548c\u68af\u5ea6\u7206\u70b8\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\u5df2\u6269\u5c55\u5230 <strong>\u4f18\u5316\u4f18\u5316\u5668\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u63d0\u9ad8\u6a21\u578b\u6cdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b<\/strong>\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8d77\u5230\u4e86 <strong>\u6b63\u5219\u5316\uff08Regularization\uff09<\/strong> \u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e <strong>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/strong> \u548c <strong>\u5e94\u7528\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/strong> \u5206\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u522b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5bf9\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u6311\u6218\u53ca\u6700\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u80cc\u666f<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff1f<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca <strong>\u68af\u5ea6\u4e0b\u964d\uff08Gradient Descent\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u5c42\u6570\u591a\u3001\u53c2\u6570\u66f4\u65b0\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u8bad\u7ec3\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u4e34\u4ee5\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u68af\u5ea6\u6d88\u5931\uff08Vanishing Gradient\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u53cd\u5411\u4f20\u64ad\u65f6\uff0c\u68af\u5ea6\u5728\u6df1\u5c42\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5c0f\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6a21\u578b\u8bad\u7ec3\u7f13\u6162\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u6709\u6548\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 <strong>Sigmoid \u6216 Tanh<\/strong> \u6fc0\u6d3b\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5bfc\u6570\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u503c\u5904\u63a5\u8fd1\u96f6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u68af\u5ea6\u7206\u70b8\uff08Exploding Gradient\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u53cd\u5411\u4f20\u64ad\u65f6\uff0c\u68af\u5ea6\u5728\u6df1\u5c42\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u7d2f\u79ef\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u53c2\u6570\u66f4\u65b0\u8fc7\u5927\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u5728 <strong>\u6743\u91cd\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e0d\u5f53\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u7387\u8fc7\u9ad8<\/strong> \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5185\u90e8\u534f\u53d8\u91cf\u504f\u79fb\uff08Internal Covariate Shift\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u968f\u7740\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u6bcf\u5c42\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u5206\u5e03\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f51\u7edc\u5b66\u4e60\u53d8\u5f97\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u6574\u5b66\u4e60\u7387\u548c\u8d85\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u901f\u7387\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4<\/strong>\uff1a\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7531\u4e8e\u8f93\u5165\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6df1\u5c42\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7387\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6216\u8fc7\u62df\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5f15\u5165\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f <strong>\u6279\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Batch Normalization, BN\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u7f13\u89e3\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6df1\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u8bad\u7ec3\u66f4\u52a0\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u9ad8\u6548\uff0c\u5e76\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86 <strong>\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6210\u529f\u8bad\u7ec3<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u4e8c\u3001\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u578b<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167 <strong>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/strong> \u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5<\/th><th>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/th><th>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/th><th>\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u8bba\u6587<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u6279\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Batch Normalization, BN\uff09<\/strong><\/td><td>\u6279\u6b21\u7ef4\u5ea6 (B)<\/td><td>CNN, Transformer, GAN<\/td><td>Ioffe &amp; Szegedy, 2015<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u5c42\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Layer Normalization, LN\uff09<\/strong><\/td><td>\u7279\u5f81\u7ef4\u5ea6 (C)<\/td><td>Transformer, NLP<\/td><td>Ba et al., 2016<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u7ec4\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Group Normalization, GN\uff09<\/strong><\/td><td>\u5206\u7ec4\u7279\u5f81 (G)<\/td><td>\u76ee\u6807\u68c0\u6d4b, \u8bed\u4e49\u5206\u5272<\/td><td>Wu &amp; He, 2018<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Instance Normalization, IN\uff09<\/strong><\/td><td>\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6 (H, W)<\/td><td>\u98ce\u683c\u8fc1\u79fb, GAN<\/td><td>Ulyanov et al., 2016<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>RMS\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08RMSNorm\uff09<\/strong><\/td><td>\u4ec5\u6807\u51c6\u5dee<\/td><td>LLM, NLP<\/td><td>Zhang &amp; Sennrich, 2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u6743\u91cd\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Weight Normalization\uff09<\/strong><\/td><td>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u6743\u91cd<\/td><td>\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60, \u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b<\/td><td>Salimans &amp; Kingma, 2016<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u4e09\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u6279\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Batch Normalization, BN\uff09<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6279\u5f52\u4e00\u5316<\/strong> \u662f\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u5e76\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6279\u6b21\uff08Batch\uff09\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u7279\u5f81\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u4e00\u5316<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u964d\u4f4e\u5185\u90e8\u534f\u53d8\u91cf\u504f\u79fb<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u4e0d\u540c mini-batch \u7684\u6570\u636e\u5206\u5e03\u66f4\u7a33\u5b9a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"731\" height=\"546\" src=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5793\" style=\"width:374px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-10.png 731w, https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-10-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>BN \u5177\u6709 \u52a0\u901f\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027 \u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5728 \u5c0f\u6279\u91cf\uff08small batch\uff09 \u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u6548\u679c\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u76ee\u6807\u68c0\u6d4b\u3001\u8bed\u4e49\u5206\u5272\u7b49\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u5c42\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Layer Normalization, LN\uff09<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5c42\u5f52\u4e00\u5316<\/strong> \u662f BN \u7684\u53d8\u79cd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e <strong>\u5e8f\u5217\u5efa\u6a21\uff08Transformer, LSTM\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7279\u5f81\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5f52\u4e00\u5316<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u53d8\u957f\u8f93\u5165\uff08\u5982 NLP\uff09<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e batch size\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5c0f\u6279\u91cf\u8bad\u7ec3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"607\" height=\"382\" src=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5794\" style=\"width:305px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-11.png 607w, https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-11-300x189.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>LN <strong>\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56 batch size<\/strong>\uff0c\u5728 NLP \u548c\u81ea\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u673a\u5236\u4e2d\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <strong>Transformer<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. \u7ec4\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Group Normalization, GN\uff09<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u7ec4\u5f52\u4e00\u5316<\/strong> \u89e3\u51b3\u4e86 BN \u5728\u5c0f\u6279\u91cf\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5c06\u901a\u9053\u5206\u6210 G \u7ec4\uff0c\u5728\u7ec4\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u4e00\u5316<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u89c6\u89c9\u4efb\u52a1<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5728\u5c0f batch \u8bad\u7ec3\u65f6\u66f4\u7a33\u5b9a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"627\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-12.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5795\" style=\"width:336px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-12.png 627w, https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-12-300x188.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u56db\u3001\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u52a0\u901f\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6536\u655b\u901f\u5ea6<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7a33\u5b9a\u68af\u5ea6\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u68af\u5ea6\u7206\u70b8<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u51cf\u5c11\u5185\u90e8\u534f\u53d8\u91cf\u504f\u79fb<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u63d0\u5347\u6cdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u8fc7\u62df\u5408<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u4e94\u3001\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u6311\u6218<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>BN \u4f9d\u8d56 batch size\uff0c\u5728\u5c0f batch \u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u6548\u679c\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>LN \u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u8d44\u6e90\u8981\u6c42\u9ad8<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u67d0\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\uff08\u5982\u98ce\u683c\u8fc1\u79fb\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u67d0\u4e9b\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u516d\u3001\u6700\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/?p=5788\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Transformers without Normalization\uff08DyT\uff09<\/a><\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 <strong>tanh(\u03b1x)<\/strong> \u66ff\u4ee3\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u8ba1\u7b97\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adaptive Normalization<\/strong>\uff1a\u52a8\u6001\u8c03\u6574\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff08Normalization\uff09 \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u6fc0\u6d3b\u503c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f \u52a0\u901f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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