{"id":5494,"date":"2025-01-05T18:12:43","date_gmt":"2025-01-05T10:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/?p=5494"},"modified":"2025-01-05T18:23:42","modified_gmt":"2025-01-05T10:23:42","slug":"%e4%b8%80%e4%bb%bd%e5%85%b3%e4%ba%8e%e9%87%8f%e5%ad%90%e8%ae%a1%e7%ae%97%e7%9a%84%e6%8a%a5%e5%91%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/?p=5494","title":{"rendered":"\u4e00\u4efd\u5173\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u62a5\u544a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u4fe1\u606f\u5b89\u5168\u5c40<\/strong>\uff08<strong>Bundesamt f\u00fcr Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BSI<\/strong>\uff09\u5728\u8fd1\u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u5173\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u62a5\u544a<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bsi.bund.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/BSI\/Publikationen\/Studien\/Quantencomputer\/Entwicklungstand_QC_V_2_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Status of quantum computer development<\/a><\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"766\" height=\"736\" src=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-6.png 766w, https:\/\/nullthought.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image-6-300x288.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 766px) 100vw, 766px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bsi.bund.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/BSI\/Publikationen\/Studien\/Quantencomputer\/Entwicklungstand_QC_V_2_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Status of quantum computer development<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u62a5\u544a\u5185\u5bb9\u6982\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e00\u3001\u5f15\u8a00<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u62a5\u544a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5176\u5728\u5bc6\u7801\u5206\u6790\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4efd\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u786c\u4ef6\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u89e3\u7b54\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u6548\u7834\u89e3\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e00\u6280\u672f\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u80cc\u666f<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u81ea1982\u5e74\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d39\u66fc\uff08Richard Feynman\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u9886\u57df\u30021995\u5e74\uff0cPeter Shor\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6574\u6570\u56e0\u5f0f\u5206\u89e3\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6210\u679c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u83b7\u5f97\u7a81\u7834\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5e73\u53f0\uff08\u5982\u8d85\u5bfc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u3001\u79bb\u5b50\u9631\u3001\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b49\uff09\u76f8\u7ee7\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4f18\u52bf\u5728\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u5e76\u884c\u6027\uff08superposition\uff09\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\uff08entanglement\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u5141\u8bb8\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5728\u5904\u7406\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0a\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u5bc6\u7801\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6311\u6218<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662fRSA\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u692d\u5706\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5927\u6570\u5206\u89e3\u548c\u79bb\u6563\u5bf9\u6570\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u3002Shor\u7b97\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u65e6\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8db3\u591f\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u7edf\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u88ab\u653b\u7834\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u79f0\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\uff08\u5982AES\uff09\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9762\u524d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u8f83\u4e3a\u900a\u8272\u3002Grover\u7b97\u6cd5\u867d\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u52a0\u901f\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u52a0\u901f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u5bf9\u516c\u94a5\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u663e\u8457\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u5bf9\u5bf9\u79f0\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e8c\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b80\u4ecb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u901a\u8fc7\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\uff08Qubit\uff09\u4ee3\u66ff\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6bd4\u7279\u3002\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u6bd4\u7279\u53ea\u80fd\u5904\u4e8e0\u62161\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5904\u4e8e0\u548c1\u7684\u53e0\u52a0\u6001\uff08superposition\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u4ea7\u751f\u5f3a\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u8ba1\u7b97\u6548\u7387\u3002\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u80fd\u591f\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u627e\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\uff08\u91cf\u5b50\u4f18\u52bf\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u5bc6\u7801\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5728\u5bc6\u7801\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u7834\u89e3\u516c\u94a5\u5bc6\u7801\u3002\u516c\u94a5\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5982\u5927\u6570\u5206\u89e3\u548c\u79bb\u6563\u5bf9\u6570\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u96be\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u591f\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7Shor\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7834\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>RSA\u52a0\u5bc6<\/strong>\uff1aRSA\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5927\u6570\u56e0\u5f0f\u5206\u89e3\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u6027\u3002Shor\u7b97\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5206\u89e3\u5927\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u591f\u5a01\u80c1\u5230RSA\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u692d\u5706\u66f2\u7ebf\u52a0\u5bc6<\/strong>\uff1a\u692d\u5706\u66f2\u7ebf\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5\u57fa\u4e8e\u79bb\u6563\u5bf9\u6570\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u56f0\u96be\u3002Shor\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e5f\u80fd\u9ad8\u6548\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u540c\u6837\u5bf9\u692d\u5706\u66f2\u7ebf\u52a0\u5bc6\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u79f0\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u5982AES\u5219\u9762\u4e34\u8f83\u5c0f\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u867d\u7136Grover\u7b97\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u52a0\u901f\u7a77\u4e3e\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u6548\u679c\u4ec5\u4e3a\u5e73\u65b9\u7ea7\u522b\uff0c\u5373\u89e3\u51b3\u4e00\u4e2an\u4f4d\u5bc6\u94a5\u7684AES\u7b97\u6cd5\u4ecd\u9700\u5927\u7ea62^(n\/2)\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u591f\u7834\u89e3AES\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5dee\u8ddd\u5e76\u4e0d\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e09\u3001\u786c\u4ef6\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u786c\u4ef6\u5e73\u53f0<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f53\u524d\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u5e73\u53f0\u6709\u591a\u79cd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u7c7b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.1 \u79bb\u5b50\u9631\uff08Ion Traps\uff09<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u79bb\u5b50\u9631\u57fa\u4e8e\u7535\u78c1\u573a\u5c06\u5355\u4e2a\u79bb\u5b50\u6355\u83b7\u5e76\u64cd\u63a7\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u79bb\u5b50\u9631\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u548c\u4f4e\u8bef\u5dee\u7387\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u4e3a\u6210\u719f\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u53f0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u79bb\u5b50\u9631\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u4ecd\u7136\u9762\u4e34\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.2 \u8d85\u5bfc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\uff08Superconducting Qubits\uff09<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d85\u5bfc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u901a\u8fc7\u8d85\u5bfc\u6750\u6599\uff08\u5982\u94dd\u6216\u94cc\uff09\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u548c\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3002Google\u3001IBM\u7b49\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e73\u53f0\u5f00\u5c55\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8d85\u5bfc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6781\u4f4e\u6e29\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u5176\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u6210\u672c\u6784\u6210\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.3 \u5149\u5b50\u5e73\u53f0\uff08Photonic 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u786c\u4ef6\u8fdb\u5c55<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u968f\u7740\u91cf\u5b50\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u8d85\u5bfc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u548c\u79bb\u5b50\u9631\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7a81\u7834\u30022024\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/nullthought.net\/?p=5150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Google\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4fee\u6b63<\/a>\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u9519\u8bef\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u786c\u4ef6\u4ecd\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e9b\u6311\u6218\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul 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class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u786c\u4ef6\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027<\/strong>\uff1a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u91cf\u5b50\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u8ba1\u7b97\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519<\/strong>\uff1a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u9519\u8bef\u4fee\u6b63\u6280\u672f\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u5de8\u5927\u5f00\u9500\uff0c\u4e14\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u719f\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e94\u3001\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u5c55\u671b<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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